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Chemistry by .
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Chemistry by .
Chemistry by .
| Key Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid | A chemical substance (typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid) that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red. |
| anion | A negatively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis. |
| Avogadro's law | One mole of any gas occupies 24dm3 at room temperature (25oC) |
| base | A substance capable of reacting with an acid to form a salt and water, or (more broadly) of accepting or neutralizing hydrogen ions |
| cation | A positively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis |
| flame test | A procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain metal ions, based on each element's characteristic emission spectrum. |
| indicator | A dye that changes colour depending on whether it's above or below a certain pH |
| ion | An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons |
| ionic substance | Forms giant ionic lattices containing oppositely charged ions. |
| molar volume | The molar volume, symbol Vm, is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance |
| mole | The name given to a certain number ( 6.023 x1023 ) |
| precipitation | Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid. When the reaction occurs in a liquid, the solid formed is called the precipitate. |
| purity | The state or degree of being pure |
| qualitative | Qualitative analysis tells you if a particular substance is present; but not how much of it there is. |
| quantitative | tells you how much of a particular substance is present. |
| reactant | A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction |
| titration | used to find out concentrations |
Chemistry by .
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May 12
14
Edexcel Biology B3: Functional Foods
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May 12
13
Edexcel Biology B3: Stem Cells
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Biology by .
Biology by .
Apr 12
14
French WJEC: Key Vocab – Verbs
| French | English |
|---|---|
| accepter | to accept |
| accompagner | to accompany |
| acheter | to buy |
| adorer | to adore/love |
| aider | to help |
| aimer | to like/love |
| ajouter | to add |
| allumer | to light |
| améliorer | to improve |
| annuler | to cancel |
| appeler | to call |
| apprendre | to learn |
| arriver | to arrive |
| attendre | to wait for |
| atterrir | to land |
| avoir | to have |
| bavarder | to chat |
| boire | to drink |
| changer | to exchange |
| charger | to load |
| choisir | to choose |
| cliquer | to click |
| coller | to stick/glue |
| commander | to order |
| commencer | to start/begin |
| comprendre | to understand |
| compter | to count |
| conduire | to take/drive |
| connaître | to know (a person/thing) |
| conseiller | to advise |
| contacter | to contact |
| coûter | to cost |
| croire | to believe |
| décider | to decide |
| décrire | to describe |
| décrocher | to unhook |
| demander | to ask for |
| dépenser | to spend |
| descendre | to go down |
| désirer | to want |
| détester | to hate |
| devoir | |
| dire | to say |
| discuter | to discuss |
| donner | to give [to a charity] |
| dormir | to sleep |
| durer | to last |
| écouter | to listen to |
| écrire | to write |
| empêcher | to prevent/stop |
| emprunter | to borrow |
| entendre | to hear |
| entrer | to enter |
| envoyer | to send |
| espérer | to hope (for/to do) |
| essayer | to try/test [a car] |
| être | to be |
| étudier | to study/examine |
| fermer | to close |
| finir | to finish |
| frapper | to hit/strike |
| gagner | to win |
| garer | to park [vehicle] |
| habiter | to live in |
| informer | to inform |
| introduire | to insert |
| inviter | to invite |
| jeter | to throw/hurl [an object] |
| laisser | to leave |
| louer | to let/rent |
| manger | to eat |
| manquer | to miss |
| marcher | to walk |
| mériter | to deserve |
| mettre | to put |
| monter | to take |
| montrer | to show |
| neiger | to snow |
| noter | to note down |
| offrir | to buy |
| organiser | to organise |
| oublier | to forget |
| pardonner | to forgive |
| parler | to speak |
| partir | to leave/go |
| passer | to cross/go through/get over |
| penser | to think |
| perdre | to lose [sight of] |
| permettre | to allow |
| plaire | to like [oneself/each other/it here] |
| pleurer | to mourn/lament |
| poser | to put down [your coat] |
| pousser | to push/move/shift [aside] |
| pouvoir | to be able/allowed to |
| préférer | to prefer |
| prendre | to take |
| présenter | to introduce/present [my son] |
| prêter | to lend [a hand/one's assistance] |
| prévenir | to tell/warn |
| produire | to produce/grow/yield |
| quitter | to leave [my house] |
| raconter | to tell/describe [in detail] |
| rater | to fail |
| recevoir | to receive/get |
| rechercher | to search out/look for |
| recommander | to advise |
| regretter | to regret |
| rembourser | to pay off/repay |
| remercier | to thank [for [doing]] |
| remettre | to put back in/on |
| remplacer | to (stand in/cover) for |
| remplir | to fill up/refill |
| rencontrer | to meet/come across |
| rendre visite à | |
| rentrer | to put/bring/take/raise |
| réparer | to repair |
| répéter | to repeat |
| répondre | to answer/reply |
| réserver | to reserve/put aside |
| ressembler à | to appear like |
| rester | to stay/remain |
| retourner | to turn [over/inside-out] |
| réussir | to achieve/have success |
| réviser | to revise/review |
| rire | to laugh |
| rouler | to roll [up] |
| s'adresser à | to address oneself |
| s'amuser | to play/have fun |
| s'appeler | to be called/named |
| s'arrêter | to stop/come to a hault |
| s'asseoir | to sit |
| sauter | to jump [over] |
| sauver | to save/rescue |
| savoir | To know (a fact/how to do something) |
| s'échapper | to break away/get loose |
| se disputer | to argue |
| se trouver | to find oneself |
| signer | to sign [e.g. a contract] |
| s'intéresser à | to take an interest in |
| s'occuper de | to take care of |
| se débrouiller | to (cope/get along) with |
| se dépêcher | to rush |
| se fâcher | to become angry |
| se promener | to walk around/stroll |
| se rappeler | to remember |
| servir | to serve |
| se servir de | to help oneself |
| se terminer | to end/finish [your lunch] |
| sembler | to seem [e.g. time seemed to pass slowly] |
| sonner | to ring/strike/sound |
| souhaiter | to hope for/that |
| sourire | to smile |
| stationner | to park |
| suivre | to follow/accompany |
| surfer sur internet | to surf the internet |
| taper | to hit/tap [on the shoulder] |
| téléphoner | to make a phone call |
| tenir | to hold [onto the banisters] |
| tomber | to fall [over/down] |
| toucher | to touch |
| travailler | to work |
| trouver | to find |
| utiliser | to make use of |
| vendre | to sell |
| venir | to come |
| vérifier | to check |
| vivre | to live |
| visiter | to visit |
| voir | To see |
| voler | To steal |
| vouloir | To want |
French by .
“You will be expected to be able to recall, explain, describe and use appropriately the
following words and phrases” – Edexcel Biology Extension B3 course specification
| Key Word | Description |
|---|---|
| Amino Acid | The main components of protein. They are made up primarily from nitrogen and carbohydrates. |
| Artemisinin | A drug used against malaria; is derived from the Qinghao plant, Artemisia annua. |
| Bacteria | A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease |
| Biotechnology | The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes. |
| Breeding | The activity of controlling the mating and production of offspring of animals. |
| Cholesterol | Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in cells; it is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule. It is a soft waxy substance. |
| Chymosin | An enzyme that clots milk; it is used in the manufacture of cheese. |
| Citric Acid | A sharp-tasting crystalline acid present in the juice of lemons and other sour fruits. |
| Enzyme | A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction |
| Ester | An organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl or other organic group. Many naturally occurring fats and essential oils are esters of fatty acids |
| Ethics | A branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality — that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, justice, virtue, etc. In Biology, this could apply to how animals are treated during experiments. |
| Fermentation | The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat. |
| Filtration | The action or process of filtering something |
| Gelling agent | Thickening agents, or thickeners, are substances which, when added to an aqueous mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties, such as taste. |
| Gene | A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It is normally a stretch of DNA that codes for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. All living things depend on genes. |
| Genetic engineering | The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material |
| Genetic modification | Using modern biotechnology to alter the genetic material of cells or organisms in order to make them capable of making new substances or performing new functions. |
| Genome | The entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. |
| Genomics | The branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes |
| Glutamic acid | An acidic amino acid that is a constituent of many proteins |
| Herbicide | A substance, toxic to plants, that is used to destroy unwanted vegetation. |
| Insulin | A hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. |
| Invertase | An enzyme produced by yeast that catalyses the hydrolysis of sucrose, forming invert sugar |
| Lactic acid | A colorless syrupy organic acid formed in sour milk and produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercis |
| Lactose | A sugar present in milk. It is a disaccharide containing glucose and galactose units |
| Malaria | An intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. |
| Microorganism | A microscopic organism. e.g. a bacterium, virus, or fungus |
| Obesity | The condition of being grossly fat or overweight |
| Oligosaccharide | A carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units |
| Parkinson's disease | A progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine |
| Pasteurisation | Heat-treatment of a perishable food to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells followed by immediate cooling to limit growth of the surviving cells and germination of spores. |
| Prebiotics | Promote growth of 'good bacteria' in the gut. Prebiotics are carbohydrates - a food supply for good bacteria. 'Bac bacteria' and humans don't have the right enzymes to digest prebiotics. |
| Quinine | A bitter crystalline compound present in cinchona bark, used as a tonic and formerly as an antimalarial drug |
| Resistance | Lack of sensitivity to a drug, insecticide, etc., e.g. as a result of continued exposure or genetic change |
| Salicin | A bitter compound present in willow bark. It is a glucoside related to aspirin, and accounts for the ancient use of willow bark as a pain-relieving drug. |
| Stem cells | An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type (No Hayflick Limit), and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation |
| Taxol | A compound, originally obtained from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, that has been found to inhibit the growth of certain cancers |
| Toxin | An antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin, esp. one produced by or derived from microorganisms and causing disease when present at low concentration in the body |
| Vector | An organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another. |
| Yeast | A microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. |
Biology by .
Liquid-in-glass thermometers won’t work at very low temperatures.
Instead, you use thermometers filled with gases (e.g. Helium gas), as helium remains a gas down to -269ºC/4K
Gas increases its pressure as it is heated up and expands, causing a change on the calibrated scale; gas pressure increases as it is heated.
Physics by .
Absolute Zero is -273ºC which is equivalent to zero kelvin (0K)
To convert a temperature in degrees celsius to kelvins, simply add 273 to it.
To convert a temperature in kelvins to degrees celcius, subtract 273 from it.
Example Conversions:
33ºC = 306 Kelvins (306K)
-185ºC = 88 Kelvins (88K)
287ºC = 560 Kelvins (560K)
The higher the temperature…
- The more the particles move
- The higher the Kinetic Energy (K.E.) of the particles
- The further apart the particles
At 0K (Absolute Zero), particles have Zero kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy and temperature are directly proportionate to each other.
Physics by .